/*
- * Copyright (c) 1994, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  *
  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  * accompanied this code).
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  *
  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  * questions.
  */
 package java.lang;
 
-import java.io.*;
-import java.lang.reflect.Executable;
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.Console;
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
 import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.module.ModuleDescriptor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Executable;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.charset.CharacterCodingException;
 import java.security.AccessControlContext;
-import java.util.Properties;
-import java.util.PropertyPermission;
-import java.util.StringTokenizer;
-import java.util.Map;
+import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
 import java.security.AccessController;
 import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
-import java.security.AllPermission;
 import java.nio.channels.Channel;
 import java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider;
-import sun.nio.ch.Interruptible;
-import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
-import sun.reflect.Reflection;
-import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
-import sun.reflect.annotation.AnnotationType;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.PropertyPermission;
+import java.util.ResourceBundle;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
 import jdk.internal.util.StaticProperty;
+import jdk.internal.module.ModuleBootstrap;
+import jdk.internal.module.ServicesCatalog;
+import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
+import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
+import jdk.internal.HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate;
+import jdk.internal.access.JavaLangAccess;
+import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets;
+import jdk.internal.misc.VM;
+import jdk.internal.logger.LoggerFinderLoader;
+import jdk.internal.logger.LazyLoggers;
+import jdk.internal.logger.LocalizedLoggerWrapper;
+import jdk.internal.util.SystemProps;
+import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Stable;
+import sun.reflect.annotation.AnnotationType;
+import sun.nio.ch.Interruptible;
+import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
 
 /**
- * The <code>System</code> class contains several useful class fields
+ * The {@code System} class contains several useful class fields
  * and methods. It cannot be instantiated.
  *
- * <p>Among the facilities provided by the <code>System</code> class
+ * Among the facilities provided by the {@code System} class
  * are standard input, standard output, and error output streams;
  * access to externally defined properties and environment
  * variables; a means of loading files and libraries; and a utility
  * method for quickly copying a portion of an array.
  *
- * @author  unascribed
- * @since   JDK1.0
+ * @since   1.0
  */
 public final class System {
-
-    /* register the natives via the static initializer.
+    /* Register the natives via the static initializer.
      *
      * VM will invoke the initializeSystemClass method to complete
      * the initialization for this class separated from clinit.
      * Note that to use properties set by the VM, see the constraints
      * described in the initializeSystemClass method.
      */
     private static native void registerNatives();
     static {
         registerNatives();
     }
 
     /** Don't let anyone instantiate this class */
     private System() {
     }
 
     /**
      * The "standard" input stream. This stream is already
      * open and ready to supply input data. Typically this stream
      * corresponds to keyboard input or another input source specified by
      * the host environment or user.
      */
-    public final static InputStream in = null;
+    public static final InputStream in = null;
 
     /**
      * The "standard" output stream. This stream is already
      * open and ready to accept output data. Typically this stream
      * corresponds to display output or another output destination
      * specified by the host environment or user.
      * <p>
      * For simple stand-alone Java applications, a typical way to write
      * a line of output data is:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      *     System.out.println(data)
      * </pre></blockquote>
      * <p>
-     * See the <code>println</code> methods in class <code>PrintStream</code>.
+     * See the {@code println} methods in class {@code PrintStream}.
      *
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println()
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(boolean)
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(char)
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(char[])
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(double)
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(float)
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(int)
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(long)
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(java.lang.Object)
      * @see     java.io.PrintStream#println(java.lang.String)
      */
-    public final static PrintStream out = null;
+    public static final PrintStream out = null;
 
     /**
      * The "standard" error output stream. This stream is already
      * open and ready to accept output data.
      * <p>
      * Typically this stream corresponds to display output or another
      * output destination specified by the host environment or user. By
      * convention, this output stream is used to display error messages
      * or other information that should come to the immediate attention
      * of a user even if the principal output stream, the value of the
-     * variable <code>out</code>, has been redirected to a file or other
+     * variable {@code out}, has been redirected to a file or other
      * destination that is typically not continuously monitored.
      */
-    public final static PrintStream err = null;
+    public static final PrintStream err = null;
 
-    /* The security manager for the system.
-     */
-    private static volatile SecurityManager security = null;
+    // indicates if a security manager is possible
+    private static final int NEVER = 1;
+    private static final int MAYBE = 2;
+    private static @Stable int allowSecurityManager;
+
+    // current security manager
+    private static volatile SecurityManager security;   // read by VM
+
+    // return true if a security manager is allowed
+    private static boolean allowSecurityManager() {
+        return (allowSecurityManager != NEVER);
+    }
 
     /**
      * Reassigns the "standard" input stream.
      *
-     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
-     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
+     * First, if there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission}
+     * method is called with a {@code RuntimePermission("setIO")} permission
      *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" input stream.
-     * <p>
      *
      * @param in the new standard input stream.
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
      *        if a security manager exists and its
-     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     *        {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
      *        reassigning of the standard input stream.
      *
      * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
      * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
      *
-     * @since   JDK1.1
+     * @since   1.1
      */
     public static void setIn(InputStream in) {
         checkIO();
         setIn0(in);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reassigns the "standard" output stream.
      *
-     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
-     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
+     * First, if there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission}
+     * method is called with a {@code RuntimePermission("setIO")} permission
      *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" output stream.
      *
      * @param out the new standard output stream
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
      *        if a security manager exists and its
-     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     *        {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
      *        reassigning of the standard output stream.
      *
      * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
      * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
      *
-     * @since   JDK1.1
+     * @since   1.1
      */
     public static void setOut(PrintStream out) {
         checkIO();
         setOut0(out);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reassigns the "standard" error output stream.
      *
-     * <p>First, if there is a security manager, its <code>checkPermission</code>
-     * method is called with a <code>RuntimePermission("setIO")</code> permission
+     * First, if there is a security manager, its {@code checkPermission}
+     * method is called with a {@code RuntimePermission("setIO")} permission
      *  to see if it's ok to reassign the "standard" error output stream.
      *
      * @param err the new standard error output stream.
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
      *        if a security manager exists and its
-     *        <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     *        {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
      *        reassigning of the standard error output stream.
      *
      * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
      * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
      *
-     * @since   JDK1.1
+     * @since   1.1
      */
     public static void setErr(PrintStream err) {
         checkIO();
         setErr0(err);
     }
 
-    private static volatile Console cons = null;
+    private static volatile Console cons;
+
     /**
      * Returns the unique {@link java.io.Console Console} object associated
      * with the current Java virtual machine, if any.
      *
-     * @return  The system console, if any, otherwise <tt>null</tt>.
+     * @return  The system console, if any, otherwise {@code null}.
      *
      * @since   1.6
      */
      public static Console console() {
-         if (cons == null) {
+         Console c;
+         if ((c = cons) == null) {
              synchronized (System.class) {
-                 cons = sun.misc.SharedSecrets.getJavaIOAccess().console();
+                 if ((c = cons) == null) {
+                     cons = c = SharedSecrets.getJavaIOAccess().console();
+                 }
              }
          }
-         return cons;
+         return c;
      }
 
     /**
      * Returns the channel inherited from the entity that created this
      * Java virtual machine.
      *
-     * <p> This method returns the channel obtained by invoking the
+     * This method returns the channel obtained by invoking the
      * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider#inheritedChannel
      * inheritedChannel} method of the system-wide default
-     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider} object. </p>
+     * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider} object.
      *
      * <p> In addition to the network-oriented channels described in
      * {@link java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider#inheritedChannel
      * inheritedChannel}, this method may return other kinds of
      * channels in the future.
      *
-     * @return  The inherited channel, if any, otherwise <tt>null</tt>.
+     * @return  The inherited channel, if any, otherwise {@code null}.
      *
      * @throws  IOException
      *          If an I/O error occurs
      *
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager is present and it does not
      *          permit access to the channel.
      *
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public static Channel inheritedChannel() throws IOException {
         return SelectorProvider.provider().inheritedChannel();
     }
 
     private static void checkIO() {
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setIO"));
         }
     }
 
     private static native void setIn0(InputStream in);
     private static native void setOut0(PrintStream out);
     private static native void setErr0(PrintStream err);
 
     /**
-     * Sets the System security.
+     * Sets the system-wide security manager.
      *
-     * <p> If there is a security manager already installed, this method first
-     * calls the security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method
-     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("setSecurityManager")</code>
+     * If there is a security manager already installed, this method first
+     * calls the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a {@code RuntimePermission("setSecurityManager")}
      * permission to ensure it's ok to replace the existing
      * security manager.
-     * This may result in throwing a <code>SecurityException</code>.
+     * This may result in throwing a {@code SecurityException}.
      *
      * <p> Otherwise, the argument is established as the current
-     * security manager. If the argument is <code>null</code> and no
+     * security manager. If the argument is {@code null} and no
      * security manager has been established, then no action is taken and
      * the method simply returns.
      *
-     * @param      s   the security manager.
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if the security manager has already
-     *             been set and its <code>checkPermission</code> method
-     *             doesn't allow it to be replaced.
+     * @implNote In the JDK implementation, if the Java virtual machine is
+     * started with the system property {@code java.security.manager} set to
+     * the special token "{@code disallow}" then the {@code setSecurityManager}
+     * method cannot be used to set a security manager.
+     *
+     * @param  sm the security manager or {@code null}
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         if the security manager has already been set and its {@code
+     *         checkPermission} method doesn't allow it to be replaced
+     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException
+     *         if {@code sm} is non-null and a security manager is not allowed
+     *         to be set dynamically
      * @see #getSecurityManager
      * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
      * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
      */
-    public static
-    void setSecurityManager(final SecurityManager s) {
-        try {
-            s.checkPackageAccess("java.lang");
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            // no-op
+    public static void setSecurityManager(SecurityManager sm) {
+        if (allowSecurityManager()) {
+            if (security == null) {
+                // ensure image reader is initialized
+                Object.class.getResource("java/lang/ANY");
+            }
+            if (sm != null) {
+                try {
+                    // pre-populates the SecurityManager.packageAccess cache
+                    // to avoid recursive permission checking issues with custom
+                    // SecurityManager implementations
+                    sm.checkPackageAccess("java.lang");
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    // no-op
+                }
+            }
+            setSecurityManager0(sm);
+        } else {
+            // security manager not allowed
+            if (sm != null) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "Runtime configured to disallow security manager");
+            }
         }
-        setSecurityManager0(s);
     }
 
     private static synchronized
     void setSecurityManager0(final SecurityManager s) {
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             // ask the currently installed security manager if we
             // can replace it.
-            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission
-                                     ("setSecurityManager"));
+            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setSecurityManager"));
         }
 
         if ((s != null) && (s.getClass().getClassLoader() != null)) {
             // New security manager class is not on bootstrap classpath.
-            // Cause policy to get initialized before we install the new
+            // Force policy to get initialized before we install the new
             // security manager, in order to prevent infinite loops when
             // trying to initialize the policy (which usually involves
             // accessing some security and/or system properties, which in turn
             // calls the installed security manager's checkPermission method
             // which will loop infinitely if there is a non-system class
             // (in this case: the new security manager class) on the stack).
-            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
+            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<>() {
                 public Object run() {
                     s.getClass().getProtectionDomain().implies
                         (SecurityConstants.ALL_PERMISSION);
                     return null;
                 }
             });
         }
 
         security = s;
     }
 
     /**
-     * Gets the system security interface.
+     * Gets the system-wide security manager.
      *
      * @return  if a security manager has already been established for the
      *          current application, then that security manager is returned;
-     *          otherwise, <code>null</code> is returned.
+     *          otherwise, {@code null} is returned.
      * @see     #setSecurityManager
      */
     public static SecurityManager getSecurityManager() {
-        return security;
+        if (allowSecurityManager()) {
+            return security;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the current time in milliseconds.  Note that
      * while the unit of time of the return value is a millisecond,
      * the granularity of the value depends on the underlying
      * operating system and may be larger.  For example, many
      * operating systems measure time in units of tens of
      * milliseconds.
      *
-     * <p> See the description of the class <code>Date</code> for
+     * <p> See the description of the class {@code Date} for
      * a discussion of slight discrepancies that may arise between
      * "computer time" and coordinated universal time (UTC).
      *
      * @return  the difference, measured in milliseconds, between
      *          the current time and midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC.
      * @see     java.util.Date
      */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public static native long currentTimeMillis();
 
     /**
      * Returns the current value of the running Java Virtual Machine's
      * high-resolution time source, in nanoseconds.
      *
-     * <p>This method can only be used to measure elapsed time and is
+     * This method can only be used to measure elapsed time and is
      * not related to any other notion of system or wall-clock time.
      * The value returned represents nanoseconds since some fixed but
      * arbitrary <i>origin</i> time (perhaps in the future, so values
      * may be negative).  The same origin is used by all invocations of
      * this method in an instance of a Java virtual machine; other
      * virtual machine instances are likely to use a different origin.
      *
      * <p>This method provides nanosecond precision, but not necessarily
      * nanosecond resolution (that is, how frequently the value changes)
      * - no guarantees are made except that the resolution is at least as
      * good as that of {@link #currentTimeMillis()}.
      *
      * <p>Differences in successive calls that span greater than
      * approximately 292 years (2<sup>63</sup> nanoseconds) will not
      * correctly compute elapsed time due to numerical overflow.
      *
      * <p>The values returned by this method become meaningful only when
      * the difference between two such values, obtained within the same
      * instance of a Java virtual machine, is computed.
      *
-     * <p> For example, to measure how long some code takes to execute:
-     *  <pre> {@code
+     * <p>For example, to measure how long some code takes to execute:
+     * <pre> {@code
      * long startTime = System.nanoTime();
      * // ... the code being measured ...
-     * long estimatedTime = System.nanoTime() - startTime;}</pre>
+     * long elapsedNanos = System.nanoTime() - startTime;}</pre>
      *
-     * <p>To compare two nanoTime values
-     *  <pre> {@code
-     * long t0 = System.nanoTime();
-     * ...
-     * long t1 = System.nanoTime();}</pre>
-     *
-     * one should use {@code t1 - t0 < 0}, not {@code t1 < t0},
+     * <p>To compare elapsed time against a timeout, use <pre> {@code
+     * if (System.nanoTime() - startTime >= timeoutNanos) ...}</pre>
+     * instead of <pre> {@code
+     * if (System.nanoTime() >= startTime + timeoutNanos) ...}</pre>
      * because of the possibility of numerical overflow.
      *
      * @return the current value of the running Java Virtual Machine's
      *         high-resolution time source, in nanoseconds
      * @since 1.5
      */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public static native long nanoTime();
 
     /**
      * Copies an array from the specified source array, beginning at the
      * specified position, to the specified position of the destination array.
      * A subsequence of array components are copied from the source
-     * array referenced by <code>src</code> to the destination array
-     * referenced by <code>dest</code>. The number of components copied is
-     * equal to the <code>length</code> argument. The components at
-     * positions <code>srcPos</code> through
-     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> in the source array are copied into
-     * positions <code>destPos</code> through
-     * <code>destPos+length-1</code>, respectively, of the destination
+     * array referenced by {@code src} to the destination array
+     * referenced by {@code dest}. The number of components copied is
+     * equal to the {@code length} argument. The components at
+     * positions {@code srcPos} through
+     * {@code srcPos+length-1} in the source array are copied into
+     * positions {@code destPos} through
+     * {@code destPos+length-1}, respectively, of the destination
      * array.
      * <p>
-     * If the <code>src</code> and <code>dest</code> arguments refer to the
+     * If the {@code src} and {@code dest} arguments refer to the
      * same array object, then the copying is performed as if the
-     * components at positions <code>srcPos</code> through
-     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> were first copied to a temporary
-     * array with <code>length</code> components and then the contents of
+     * components at positions {@code srcPos} through
+     * {@code srcPos+length-1} were first copied to a temporary
+     * array with {@code length} components and then the contents of
      * the temporary array were copied into positions
-     * <code>destPos</code> through <code>destPos+length-1</code> of the
+     * {@code destPos} through {@code destPos+length-1} of the
      * destination array.
      * <p>
-     * If <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
-     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown.
+     * If {@code dest} is {@code null}, then a
+     * {@code NullPointerException} is thrown.
      * <p>
-     * If <code>src</code> is <code>null</code>, then a
-     * <code>NullPointerException</code> is thrown and the destination
+     * If {@code src} is {@code null}, then a
+     * {@code NullPointerException} is thrown and the destination
      * array is not modified.
      * <p>
      * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
-     * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown and the destination is
+     * {@code ArrayStoreException} is thrown and the destination is
      * not modified:
      * <ul>
-     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
+     * <li>The {@code src} argument refers to an object that is not an
      *     array.
-     * <li>The <code>dest</code> argument refers to an object that is not an
+     * <li>The {@code dest} argument refers to an object that is not an
      *     array.
-     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument and <code>dest</code> argument refer
+     * <li>The {@code src} argument and {@code dest} argument refer
      *     to arrays whose component types are different primitive types.
-     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a primitive
-     *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
+     * <li>The {@code src} argument refers to an array with a primitive
+     *    component type and the {@code dest} argument refers to an array
      *     with a reference component type.
-     * <li>The <code>src</code> argument refers to an array with a reference
-     *    component type and the <code>dest</code> argument refers to an array
+     * <li>The {@code src} argument refers to an array with a reference
+     *    component type and the {@code dest} argument refers to an array
      *     with a primitive component type.
      * </ul>
      * <p>
      * Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an
-     * <code>IndexOutOfBoundsException</code> is
+     * {@code IndexOutOfBoundsException} is
      * thrown and the destination is not modified:
      * <ul>
-     * <li>The <code>srcPos</code> argument is negative.
-     * <li>The <code>destPos</code> argument is negative.
-     * <li>The <code>length</code> argument is negative.
-     * <li><code>srcPos+length</code> is greater than
-     *     <code>src.length</code>, the length of the source array.
-     * <li><code>destPos+length</code> is greater than
-     *     <code>dest.length</code>, the length of the destination array.
+     * <li>The {@code srcPos} argument is negative.
+     * <li>The {@code destPos} argument is negative.
+     * <li>The {@code length} argument is negative.
+     * <li>{@code srcPos+length} is greater than
+     *     {@code src.length}, the length of the source array.
+     * <li>{@code destPos+length} is greater than
+     *     {@code dest.length}, the length of the destination array.
      * </ul>
      * <p>
      * Otherwise, if any actual component of the source array from
-     * position <code>srcPos</code> through
-     * <code>srcPos+length-1</code> cannot be converted to the component
+     * position {@code srcPos} through
+     * {@code srcPos+length-1} cannot be converted to the component
      * type of the destination array by assignment conversion, an
-     * <code>ArrayStoreException</code> is thrown. In this case, let
+     * {@code ArrayStoreException} is thrown. In this case, let
      * <b><i>k</i></b> be the smallest nonnegative integer less than
-     * length such that <code>src[srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>]</code>
+     * length such that {@code src[srcPos+}<i>k</i>{@code ]}
      * cannot be converted to the component type of the destination
      * array; when the exception is thrown, source array components from
-     * positions <code>srcPos</code> through
-     * <code>srcPos+</code><i>k</i><code>-1</code>
+     * positions {@code srcPos} through
+     * {@code srcPos+}<i>k</i>{@code -1}
      * will already have been copied to destination array positions
-     * <code>destPos</code> through
-     * <code>destPos+</code><i>k</I><code>-1</code> and no other
+     * {@code destPos} through
+     * {@code destPos+}<i>k</I>{@code -1} and no other
      * positions of the destination array will have been modified.
      * (Because of the restrictions already itemized, this
      * paragraph effectively applies only to the situation where both
      * arrays have component types that are reference types.)
      *
      * @param      src      the source array.
      * @param      srcPos   starting position in the source array.
      * @param      dest     the destination array.
      * @param      destPos  starting position in the destination data.
      * @param      length   the number of array elements to be copied.
-     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if copying would cause
-     *               access of data outside array bounds.
-     * @exception  ArrayStoreException  if an element in the <code>src</code>
-     *               array could not be stored into the <code>dest</code> array
-     *               because of a type mismatch.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if either <code>src</code> or
-     *               <code>dest</code> is <code>null</code>.
+     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if copying would cause
+     *             access of data outside array bounds.
+     * @throws     ArrayStoreException  if an element in the {@code src}
+     *             array could not be stored into the {@code dest} array
+     *             because of a type mismatch.
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if either {@code src} or
+     *             {@code dest} is {@code null}.
      */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public static native void arraycopy(Object src,  int  srcPos,
                                         Object dest, int destPos,
                                         int length);
 
     /**
      * Returns the same hash code for the given object as
      * would be returned by the default method hashCode(),
      * whether or not the given object's class overrides
      * hashCode().
      * The hash code for the null reference is zero.
      *
      * @param x object for which the hashCode is to be calculated
      * @return  the hashCode
-     * @since   JDK1.1
+     * @since   1.1
+     * @see Object#hashCode
+     * @see java.util.Objects#hashCode(Object)
      */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public static native int identityHashCode(Object x);
 
     /**
      * System properties. The following properties are guaranteed to be defined:
      * <dl>
      * <dt>java.version         <dd>Java version number
+     * <dt>java.version.date    <dd>Java version date
      * <dt>java.vendor          <dd>Java vendor specific string
      * <dt>java.vendor.url      <dd>Java vendor URL
+     * <dt>java.vendor.version  <dd>Java vendor version
      * <dt>java.home            <dd>Java installation directory
      * <dt>java.class.version   <dd>Java class version number
      * <dt>java.class.path      <dd>Java classpath
      * <dt>os.name              <dd>Operating System Name
      * <dt>os.arch              <dd>Operating System Architecture
      * <dt>os.version           <dd>Operating System Version
      * <dt>file.separator       <dd>File separator ("/" on Unix)
      * <dt>path.separator       <dd>Path separator (":" on Unix)
      * <dt>line.separator       <dd>Line separator ("\n" on Unix)
      * <dt>user.name            <dd>User account name
      * <dt>user.home            <dd>User home directory
      * <dt>user.dir             <dd>User's current working directory
      * </dl>
      */
 
     private static Properties props;
-    private static native Properties initProperties(Properties props);
 
     /**
      * Determines the current system properties.
-     * <p>
+     *
      * First, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method is called with no
+     * {@code checkPropertiesAccess} method is called with no
      * arguments. This may result in a security exception.
      * <p>
      * The current set of system properties for use by the
      * {@link #getProperty(String)} method is returned as a
-     * <code>Properties</code> object. If there is no current set of
+     * {@code Properties} object. If there is no current set of
      * system properties, a set of system properties is first created and
      * initialized. This set of system properties always includes values
      * for the following keys:
-     * <table summary="Shows property keys and associated values">
-     * <tr><th>Key</th>
-     *     <th>Description of Associated Value</th></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.version</code></td>
-     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment version</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vendor</code></td>
+     * <table class="striped" style="text-align:left">
+     * <caption style="display:none">Shows property keys and associated values</caption>
+     * <thead>
+     * <tr><th scope="col">Key</th>
+     *     <th scope="col">Description of Associated Value</th></tr>
+     * </thead>
+     * <tbody>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.version}</th>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment version, which may be interpreted
+     *     as a {@link Runtime.Version}</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.version.date}</th>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment version date, in ISO-8601 YYYY-MM-DD
+     *     format, which may be interpreted as a {@link
+     *     java.time.LocalDate}</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vendor}</th>
      *     <td>Java Runtime Environment vendor</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vendor.url</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vendor.url}</th>
      *     <td>Java vendor URL</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.home</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vendor.version}</th>
+     *     <td>Java vendor version</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.home}</th>
      *     <td>Java installation directory</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.version</code></td>
-     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification version</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.vendor</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vm.specification.version}</th>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification version, whose value is the
+     *     {@linkplain Runtime.Version#feature feature} element of the
+     *     {@linkplain Runtime#version() runtime version}</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vm.specification.vendor}</th>
      *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification vendor</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.specification.name</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vm.specification.name}</th>
      *     <td>Java Virtual Machine specification name</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.version</code></td>
-     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation version</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.vendor</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vm.version}</th>
+     *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation version which may be
+     *     interpreted as a {@link Runtime.Version}</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vm.vendor}</th>
      *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation vendor</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.vm.name</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.vm.name}</th>
      *     <td>Java Virtual Machine implementation name</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.version</code></td>
-     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  version</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.vendor</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.specification.version}</th>
+     *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification version, whose value is
+     *     the {@linkplain Runtime.Version#feature feature} element of the
+     *     {@linkplain Runtime#version() runtime version}</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.specification.vendor}</th>
      *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  vendor</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.specification.name</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.specification.name}</th>
      *     <td>Java Runtime Environment specification  name</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.class.version</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.class.version}</th>
      *     <td>Java class format version number</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.class.path</code></td>
-     *     <td>Java class path</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.library.path</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.class.path}</th>
+     *     <td>Java class path  (refer to
+     *        {@link ClassLoader#getSystemClassLoader()} for details)</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.library.path}</th>
      *     <td>List of paths to search when loading libraries</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.io.tmpdir</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.io.tmpdir}</th>
      *     <td>Default temp file path</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.compiler</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty java.compiler}</th>
      *     <td>Name of JIT compiler to use</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>java.ext.dirs</code></td>
-     *     <td>Path of extension directory or directories
-     *         <b>Deprecated.</b> <i>This property, and the mechanism
-     *            which implements it, may be removed in a future
-     *            release.</i> </td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>os.name</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty os.name}</th>
      *     <td>Operating system name</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>os.arch</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty os.arch}</th>
      *     <td>Operating system architecture</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>os.version</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty os.version}</th>
      *     <td>Operating system version</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>file.separator</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty file.separator}</th>
      *     <td>File separator ("/" on UNIX)</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>path.separator</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty path.separator}</th>
      *     <td>Path separator (":" on UNIX)</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>line.separator</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty line.separator}</th>
      *     <td>Line separator ("\n" on UNIX)</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>user.name</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty user.name}</th>
      *     <td>User's account name</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>user.home</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty user.home}</th>
      *     <td>User's home directory</td></tr>
-     * <tr><td><code>user.dir</code></td>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty user.dir}</th>
      *     <td>User's current working directory</td></tr>
+     * </tbody>
      * </table>
      * <p>
      * Multiple paths in a system property value are separated by the path
      * separator character of the platform.
      * <p>
      * Note that even if the security manager does not permit the
-     * <code>getProperties</code> operation, it may choose to permit the
+     * {@code getProperties} operation, it may choose to permit the
      * {@link #getProperty(String)} operation.
      *
+     * @apiNote
+     * <strong>Changing a standard system property may have unpredictable results
+     * unless otherwise specified.</strong>
+     * Property values may be cached during initialization or on first use.
+     * Setting a standard property after initialization using {@link #getProperties()},
+     * {@link #setProperties(Properties)}, {@link #setProperty(String, String)}, or
+     * {@link #clearProperty(String)} may not have the desired effect.
+     *
+     * @implNote
+     * In addition to the standard system properties, the system
+     * properties may include the following keys:
+     * <table class="striped">
+     * <caption style="display:none">Shows property keys and associated values</caption>
+     * <thead>
+     * <tr><th scope="col">Key</th>
+     *     <th scope="col">Description of Associated Value</th></tr>
+     * </thead>
+     * <tbody>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty jdk.module.path}</th>
+     *     <td>The application module path</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty jdk.module.upgrade.path}</th>
+     *     <td>The upgrade module path</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty jdk.module.main}</th>
+     *     <td>The module name of the initial/main module</td></tr>
+     * <tr><th scope="row">{@systemProperty jdk.module.main.class}</th>
+     *     <td>The main class name of the initial module</td></tr>
+     * </tbody>
+     * </table>
+     *
      * @return     the system properties
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow access
-     *              to the system properties.
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkPropertiesAccess} method doesn't allow access
+     *             to the system properties.
      * @see        #setProperties
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
      * @see        java.util.Properties
      */
     public static Properties getProperties() {
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPropertiesAccess();
         }
 
         return props;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the system-dependent line separator string.  It always
      * returns the same value - the initial value of the {@linkplain
      * #getProperty(String) system property} {@code line.separator}.
      *
      * <p>On UNIX systems, it returns {@code "\n"}; on Microsoft
      * Windows systems it returns {@code "\r\n"}.
      *
      * @return the system-dependent line separator string
      * @since 1.7
      */
     public static String lineSeparator() {
         return lineSeparator;
     }
 
     private static String lineSeparator;
 
     /**
-     * Sets the system properties to the <code>Properties</code>
-     * argument.
-     * <p>
+     * Sets the system properties to the {@code Properties} argument.
+     *
      * First, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method is called with no
+     * {@code checkPropertiesAccess} method is called with no
      * arguments. This may result in a security exception.
      * <p>
      * The argument becomes the current set of system properties for use
      * by the {@link #getProperty(String)} method. If the argument is
-     * <code>null</code>, then the current set of system properties is
+     * {@code null}, then the current set of system properties is
      * forgotten.
      *
+     * @apiNote
+     * <strong>Changing a standard system property may have unpredictable results
+     * unless otherwise specified</strong>.
+     * See {@linkplain #getProperties getProperties} for details.
+     *
      * @param      props   the new system properties.
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow access
-     *              to the system properties.
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkPropertiesAccess} method doesn't allow access
+     *             to the system properties.
      * @see        #getProperties
      * @see        java.util.Properties
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
      */
     public static void setProperties(Properties props) {
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPropertiesAccess();
         }
+
         if (props == null) {
-            props = new Properties();
-            initProperties(props);
+            Map<String, String> tempProps = SystemProps.initProperties();
+            VersionProps.init(tempProps);
+            props = createProperties(tempProps);
         }
         System.props = props;
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the system property indicated by the specified key.
-     * <p>
+     *
      * First, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method is called with the key as
+     * {@code checkPropertyAccess} method is called with the key as
      * its argument. This may result in a SecurityException.
      * <p>
      * If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system
      * properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as
-     * for the <code>getProperties</code> method.
+     * for the {@code getProperties} method.
+     *
+     * @apiNote
+     * <strong>Changing a standard system property may have unpredictable results
+     * unless otherwise specified</strong>.
+     * See {@linkplain #getProperties getProperties} for details.
      *
      * @param      key   the name of the system property.
      * @return     the string value of the system property,
-     *             or <code>null</code> if there is no property with that key.
+     *             or {@code null} if there is no property with that key.
      *
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
-     *              access to the specified system property.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
-     *             <code>null</code>.
-     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkPropertyAccess} method doesn't allow
+     *             access to the specified system property.
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code key} is {@code null}.
+     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is empty.
      * @see        #setProperty
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertyAccess(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.System#getProperties()
      */
     public static String getProperty(String key) {
         checkKey(key);
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPropertyAccess(key);
         }
 
         return props.getProperty(key);
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the system property indicated by the specified key.
-     * <p>
+     *
      * First, if there is a security manager, its
-     * <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method is called with the
-     * <code>key</code> as its argument.
+     * {@code checkPropertyAccess} method is called with the
+     * {@code key} as its argument.
      * <p>
      * If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system
      * properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as
-     * for the <code>getProperties</code> method.
+     * for the {@code getProperties} method.
      *
      * @param      key   the name of the system property.
      * @param      def   a default value.
      * @return     the string value of the system property,
      *             or the default value if there is no property with that key.
      *
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkPropertyAccess} method doesn't allow
      *             access to the specified system property.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
-     *             <code>null</code>.
-     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code key} is {@code null}.
+     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is empty.
      * @see        #setProperty
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertyAccess(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.System#getProperties()
      */
     public static String getProperty(String key, String def) {
         checkKey(key);
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPropertyAccess(key);
         }
 
         return props.getProperty(key, def);
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the system property indicated by the specified key.
-     * <p>
+     *
      * First, if a security manager exists, its
-     * <code>SecurityManager.checkPermission</code> method
-     * is called with a <code>PropertyPermission(key, "write")</code>
+     * {@code SecurityManager.checkPermission} method
+     * is called with a {@code PropertyPermission(key, "write")}
      * permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown.
      * If no exception is thrown, the specified property is set to the given
      * value.
-     * <p>
+     *
+     * @apiNote
+     * <strong>Changing a standard system property may have unpredictable results
+     * unless otherwise specified</strong>.
+     * See {@linkplain #getProperties getProperties} for details.
      *
      * @param      key   the name of the system property.
      * @param      value the value of the system property.
      * @return     the previous value of the system property,
-     *             or <code>null</code> if it did not have one.
+     *             or {@code null} if it did not have one.
      *
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkPermission</code> method doesn't allow
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
      *             setting of the specified property.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> or
-     *             <code>value</code> is <code>null</code>.
-     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code key} or
+     *             {@code value} is {@code null}.
+     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is empty.
      * @see        #getProperty
      * @see        java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.System#getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.util.PropertyPermission
      * @see        SecurityManager#checkPermission
      * @since      1.2
      */
     public static String setProperty(String key, String value) {
         checkKey(key);
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission(key,
                 SecurityConstants.PROPERTY_WRITE_ACTION));
         }
 
         return (String) props.setProperty(key, value);
     }
 
     /**
      * Removes the system property indicated by the specified key.
-     * <p>
+     *
      * First, if a security manager exists, its
-     * <code>SecurityManager.checkPermission</code> method
-     * is called with a <code>PropertyPermission(key, "write")</code>
+     * {@code SecurityManager.checkPermission} method
+     * is called with a {@code PropertyPermission(key, "write")}
      * permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown.
      * If no exception is thrown, the specified property is removed.
-     * <p>
+     *
+     * @apiNote
+     * <strong>Changing a standard system property may have unpredictable results
+     * unless otherwise specified</strong>.
+     * See {@linkplain #getProperties getProperties} method for details.
      *
      * @param      key   the name of the system property to be removed.
      * @return     the previous string value of the system property,
-     *             or <code>null</code> if there was no property with that key.
+     *             or {@code null} if there was no property with that key.
      *
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkPropertyAccess</code> method doesn't allow
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkPropertyAccess} method doesn't allow
      *              access to the specified system property.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>key</code> is
-     *             <code>null</code>.
-     * @exception  IllegalArgumentException if <code>key</code> is empty.
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code key} is {@code null}.
+     * @throws     IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is empty.
      * @see        #getProperty
      * @see        #setProperty
      * @see        java.util.Properties
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityException
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkPropertiesAccess()
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public static String clearProperty(String key) {
         checkKey(key);
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPermission(new PropertyPermission(key, "write"));
         }
 
         return (String) props.remove(key);
     }
 
     private static void checkKey(String key) {
         if (key == null) {
             throw new NullPointerException("key can't be null");
         }
-        if (key.equals("")) {
+        if (key.isEmpty()) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("key can't be empty");
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the value of the specified environment variable. An
      * environment variable is a system-dependent external named
      * value.
      *
      * <p>If a security manager exists, its
      * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
      * method is called with a
-     * <code>{@link RuntimePermission}("getenv."+name)</code>
+     * {@code {@link RuntimePermission}("getenv."+name)}
      * permission.  This may result in a {@link SecurityException}
      * being thrown.  If no exception is thrown the value of the
-     * variable <code>name</code> is returned.
+     * variable {@code name} is returned.
      *
-     * <p><a name="EnvironmentVSSystemProperties"><i>System
+     * <p><a id="EnvironmentVSSystemProperties"><i>System
      * properties</i> and <i>environment variables</i></a> are both
      * conceptually mappings between names and values.  Both
      * mechanisms can be used to pass user-defined information to a
      * Java process.  Environment variables have a more global effect,
      * because they are visible to all descendants of the process
      * which defines them, not just the immediate Java subprocess.
      * They can have subtly different semantics, such as case
      * insensitivity, on different operating systems.  For these
      * reasons, environment variables are more likely to have
      * unintended side effects.  It is best to use system properties
      * where possible.  Environment variables should be used when a
      * global effect is desired, or when an external system interface
-     * requires an environment variable (such as <code>PATH</code>).
+     * requires an environment variable (such as {@code PATH}).
      *
-     * <p>On UNIX systems the alphabetic case of <code>name</code> is
+     * <p>On UNIX systems the alphabetic case of {@code name} is
      * typically significant, while on Microsoft Windows systems it is
      * typically not.  For example, the expression
-     * <code>System.getenv("FOO").equals(System.getenv("foo"))</code>
+     * {@code System.getenv("FOO").equals(System.getenv("foo"))}
      * is likely to be true on Microsoft Windows.
      *
      * @param  name the name of the environment variable
-     * @return the string value of the variable, or <code>null</code>
+     * @return the string value of the variable, or {@code null}
      *         if the variable is not defined in the system environment
-     * @throws NullPointerException if <code>name</code> is <code>null</code>
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         if a security manager exists and its
      *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
      *         method doesn't allow access to the environment variable
-     *         <code>name</code>
+     *         {@code name}
      * @see    #getenv()
      * @see    ProcessBuilder#environment()
      */
     public static String getenv(String name) {
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getenv."+name));
         }
 
         return ProcessEnvironment.getenv(name);
     }
 
 
     /**
      * Returns an unmodifiable string map view of the current system environment.
      * The environment is a system-dependent mapping from names to
      * values which is passed from parent to child processes.
      *
      * <p>If the system does not support environment variables, an
      * empty map is returned.
      *
      * <p>The returned map will never contain null keys or values.
      * Attempting to query the presence of a null key or value will
      * throw a {@link NullPointerException}.  Attempting to query
      * the presence of a key or value which is not of type
      * {@link String} will throw a {@link ClassCastException}.
      *
      * <p>The returned map and its collection views may not obey the
      * general contract of the {@link Object#equals} and
      * {@link Object#hashCode} methods.
      *
      * <p>The returned map is typically case-sensitive on all platforms.
      *
      * <p>If a security manager exists, its
      * {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
      * method is called with a
-     * <code>{@link RuntimePermission}("getenv.*")</code>
-     * permission.  This may result in a {@link SecurityException} being
-     * thrown.
+     * {@code {@link RuntimePermission}("getenv.*")} permission.
+     * This may result in a {@link SecurityException} being thrown.
      *
      * <p>When passing information to a Java subprocess,
      * <a href=#EnvironmentVSSystemProperties>system properties</a>
      * are generally preferred over environment variables.
      *
      * @return the environment as a map of variable names to values
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         if a security manager exists and its
      *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission checkPermission}
      *         method doesn't allow access to the process environment
      * @see    #getenv(String)
      * @see    ProcessBuilder#environment()
      * @since  1.5
      */
     public static java.util.Map<String,String> getenv() {
         SecurityManager sm = getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("getenv.*"));
         }
 
         return ProcessEnvironment.getenv();
     }
 
     /**
+     * {@code System.Logger} instances log messages that will be
+     * routed to the underlying logging framework the {@link System.LoggerFinder
+     * LoggerFinder} uses.
+     *
+     * {@code System.Logger} instances are typically obtained from
+     * the {@link java.lang.System System} class, by calling
+     * {@link java.lang.System#getLogger(java.lang.String) System.getLogger(loggerName)}
+     * or {@link java.lang.System#getLogger(java.lang.String, java.util.ResourceBundle)
+     * System.getLogger(loggerName, bundle)}.
+     *
+     * @see java.lang.System#getLogger(java.lang.String)
+     * @see java.lang.System#getLogger(java.lang.String, java.util.ResourceBundle)
+     * @see java.lang.System.LoggerFinder
+     *
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    public interface Logger {
+
+        /**
+         * System {@linkplain Logger loggers} levels.
+         *
+         * A level has a {@linkplain #getName() name} and {@linkplain
+         * #getSeverity() severity}.
+         * Level values are {@link #ALL}, {@link #TRACE}, {@link #DEBUG},
+         * {@link #INFO}, {@link #WARNING}, {@link #ERROR}, {@link #OFF},
+         * by order of increasing severity.
+         * <br>
+         * {@link #ALL} and {@link #OFF}
+         * are simple markers with severities mapped respectively to
+         * {@link java.lang.Integer#MIN_VALUE Integer.MIN_VALUE} and
+         * {@link java.lang.Integer#MAX_VALUE Integer.MAX_VALUE}.
+         * <p>
+         * <b>Severity values and Mapping to {@code java.util.logging.Level}.</b>
+         * <p>
+         * {@linkplain System.Logger.Level System logger levels} are mapped to
+         * {@linkplain java.util.logging.Level  java.util.logging levels}
+         * of corresponding severity.
+         * <br>The mapping is as follows:
+         * <br><br>
+         * <table class="striped">
+         * <caption>System.Logger Severity Level Mapping</caption>
+         * <thead>
+         * <tr><th scope="col">System.Logger Levels</th>
+         *     <th scope="col">java.util.logging Levels</th>
+         * </thead>
+         * <tbody>
+         * <tr><th scope="row">{@link Logger.Level#ALL ALL}</th>
+         *     <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#ALL ALL}</td>
+         * <tr><th scope="row">{@link Logger.Level#TRACE TRACE}</th>
+         *     <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINER FINER}</td>
+         * <tr><th scope="row">{@link Logger.Level#DEBUG DEBUG}</th>
+         *     <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#FINE FINE}</td>
+         * <tr><th scope="row">{@link Logger.Level#INFO INFO}</th>
+         *     <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#INFO INFO}</td>
+         * <tr><th scope="row">{@link Logger.Level#WARNING WARNING}</th>
+         *     <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#WARNING WARNING}</td>
+         * <tr><th scope="row">{@link Logger.Level#ERROR ERROR}</th>
+         *     <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#SEVERE SEVERE}</td>
+         * <tr><th scope="row">{@link Logger.Level#OFF OFF}</th>
+         *     <td>{@link java.util.logging.Level#OFF OFF}</td>
+         * </tbody>
+         * </table>
+         *
+         * @since 9
+         *
+         * @see java.lang.System.LoggerFinder
+         * @see java.lang.System.Logger
+         */
+        public enum Level {
+
+            // for convenience, we're reusing java.util.logging.Level int values
+            // the mapping logic in sun.util.logging.PlatformLogger depends
+            // on this.
+            /**
+             * A marker to indicate that all levels are enabled.
+             * This level {@linkplain #getSeverity() severity} is
+             * {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE}.
+             */
+            ALL(Integer.MIN_VALUE),  // typically mapped to/from j.u.l.Level.ALL
+            /**
+             * {@code TRACE} level: usually used to log diagnostic information.
+             * This level {@linkplain #getSeverity() severity} is
+             * {@code 400}.
+             */
+            TRACE(400),   // typically mapped to/from j.u.l.Level.FINER
+            /**
+             * {@code DEBUG} level: usually used to log debug information traces.
+             * This level {@linkplain #getSeverity() severity} is
+             * {@code 500}.
+             */
+            DEBUG(500),   // typically mapped to/from j.u.l.Level.FINEST/FINE/CONFIG
+            /**
+             * {@code INFO} level: usually used to log information messages.
+             * This level {@linkplain #getSeverity() severity} is
+             * {@code 800}.
+             */
+            INFO(800),    // typically mapped to/from j.u.l.Level.INFO
+            /**
+             * {@code WARNING} level: usually used to log warning messages.
+             * This level {@linkplain #getSeverity() severity} is
+             * {@code 900}.
+             */
+            WARNING(900), // typically mapped to/from j.u.l.Level.WARNING
+            /**
+             * {@code ERROR} level: usually used to log error messages.
+             * This level {@linkplain #getSeverity() severity} is
+             * {@code 1000}.
+             */
+            ERROR(1000),  // typically mapped to/from j.u.l.Level.SEVERE
+            /**
+             * A marker to indicate that all levels are disabled.
+             * This level {@linkplain #getSeverity() severity} is
+             * {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}.
+             */
+            OFF(Integer.MAX_VALUE);  // typically mapped to/from j.u.l.Level.OFF
+
+            private final int severity;
+
+            private Level(int severity) {
+                this.severity = severity;
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Returns the name of this level.
+             * @return this level {@linkplain #name()}.
+             */
+            public final String getName() {
+                return name();
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Returns the severity of this level.
+             * A higher severity means a more severe condition.
+             * @return this level severity.
+             */
+            public final int getSeverity() {
+                return severity;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the name of this logger.
+         *
+         * @return the logger name.
+         */
+        public String getName();
+
+        /**
+         * Checks if a message of the given level would be logged by
+         * this logger.
+         *
+         * @param level the log message level.
+         * @return {@code true} if the given log message level is currently
+         *         being logged.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public boolean isLoggable(Level level);
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a message.
+         *
+         * @implSpec The default implementation for this method calls
+         * {@code this.log(level, (ResourceBundle)null, msg, (Object[])null);}
+         *
+         * @param level the log message level.
+         * @param msg the string message (or a key in the message catalog, if
+         * this logger is a {@link
+         * LoggerFinder#getLocalizedLogger(java.lang.String,
+         * java.util.ResourceBundle, java.lang.Module) localized logger});
+         * can be {@code null}.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public default void log(Level level, String msg) {
+            log(level, (ResourceBundle) null, msg, (Object[]) null);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a lazily supplied message.
+         *
+         * If the logger is currently enabled for the given log message level
+         * then a message is logged that is the result produced by the
+         * given supplier function.  Otherwise, the supplier is not operated on.
+         *
+         * @implSpec When logging is enabled for the given level, the default
+         * implementation for this method calls
+         * {@code this.log(level, (ResourceBundle)null, msgSupplier.get(), (Object[])null);}
+         *
+         * @param level the log message level.
+         * @param msgSupplier a supplier function that produces a message.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null},
+         *         or {@code msgSupplier} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public default void log(Level level, Supplier<String> msgSupplier) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(msgSupplier);
+            if (isLoggable(Objects.requireNonNull(level))) {
+                log(level, (ResourceBundle) null, msgSupplier.get(), (Object[]) null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a message produced from the given object.
+         *
+         * If the logger is currently enabled for the given log message level then
+         * a message is logged that, by default, is the result produced from
+         * calling  toString on the given object.
+         * Otherwise, the object is not operated on.
+         *
+         * @implSpec When logging is enabled for the given level, the default
+         * implementation for this method calls
+         * {@code this.log(level, (ResourceBundle)null, obj.toString(), (Object[])null);}
+         *
+         * @param level the log message level.
+         * @param obj the object to log.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}, or
+         *         {@code obj} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public default void log(Level level, Object obj) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(obj);
+            if (isLoggable(Objects.requireNonNull(level))) {
+                this.log(level, (ResourceBundle) null, obj.toString(), (Object[]) null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a message associated with a given throwable.
+         *
+         * @implSpec The default implementation for this method calls
+         * {@code this.log(level, (ResourceBundle)null, msg, thrown);}
+         *
+         * @param level the log message level.
+         * @param msg the string message (or a key in the message catalog, if
+         * this logger is a {@link
+         * LoggerFinder#getLocalizedLogger(java.lang.String,
+         * java.util.ResourceBundle, java.lang.Module) localized logger});
+         * can be {@code null}.
+         * @param thrown a {@code Throwable} associated with the log message;
+         *        can be {@code null}.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public default void log(Level level, String msg, Throwable thrown) {
+            this.log(level, null, msg, thrown);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a lazily supplied message associated with a given throwable.
+         *
+         * If the logger is currently enabled for the given log message level
+         * then a message is logged that is the result produced by the
+         * given supplier function.  Otherwise, the supplier is not operated on.
+         *
+         * @implSpec When logging is enabled for the given level, the default
+         * implementation for this method calls
+         * {@code this.log(level, (ResourceBundle)null, msgSupplier.get(), thrown);}
+         *
+         * @param level one of the log message level identifiers.
+         * @param msgSupplier a supplier function that produces a message.
+         * @param thrown a {@code Throwable} associated with log message;
+         *               can be {@code null}.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}, or
+         *                               {@code msgSupplier} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public default void log(Level level, Supplier<String> msgSupplier,
+                Throwable thrown) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(msgSupplier);
+            if (isLoggable(Objects.requireNonNull(level))) {
+                this.log(level, null, msgSupplier.get(), thrown);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a message with an optional list of parameters.
+         *
+         * @implSpec The default implementation for this method calls
+         * {@code this.log(level, (ResourceBundle)null, format, params);}
+         *
+         * @param level one of the log message level identifiers.
+         * @param format the string message format in {@link
+         * java.text.MessageFormat} format, (or a key in the message
+         * catalog, if this logger is a {@link
+         * LoggerFinder#getLocalizedLogger(java.lang.String,
+         * java.util.ResourceBundle, java.lang.Module) localized logger});
+         * can be {@code null}.
+         * @param params an optional list of parameters to the message (may be
+         * none).
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public default void log(Level level, String format, Object... params) {
+            this.log(level, null, format, params);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a localized message associated with a given throwable.
+         *
+         * If the given resource bundle is non-{@code null},  the {@code msg}
+         * string is localized using the given resource bundle.
+         * Otherwise the {@code msg} string is not localized.
+         *
+         * @param level the log message level.
+         * @param bundle a resource bundle to localize {@code msg}; can be
+         * {@code null}.
+         * @param msg the string message (or a key in the message catalog,
+         *            if {@code bundle} is not {@code null}); can be {@code null}.
+         * @param thrown a {@code Throwable} associated with the log message;
+         *        can be {@code null}.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public void log(Level level, ResourceBundle bundle, String msg,
+                Throwable thrown);
+
+        /**
+         * Logs a message with resource bundle and an optional list of
+         * parameters.
+         *
+         * If the given resource bundle is non-{@code null},  the {@code format}
+         * string is localized using the given resource bundle.
+         * Otherwise the {@code format} string is not localized.
+         *
+         * @param level the log message level.
+         * @param bundle a resource bundle to localize {@code format}; can be
+         * {@code null}.
+         * @param format the string message format in {@link
+         * java.text.MessageFormat} format, (or a key in the message
+         * catalog if {@code bundle} is not {@code null}); can be {@code null}.
+         * @param params an optional list of parameters to the message (may be
+         * none).
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code level} is {@code null}.
+         */
+        public void log(Level level, ResourceBundle bundle, String format,
+                Object... params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code LoggerFinder} service is responsible for creating, managing,
+     * and configuring loggers to the underlying framework it uses.
+     *
+     * A logger finder is a concrete implementation of this class that has a
+     * zero-argument constructor and implements the abstract methods defined
+     * by this class.
+     * The loggers returned from a logger finder are capable of routing log
+     * messages to the logging backend this provider supports.
+     * A given invocation of the Java Runtime maintains a single
+     * system-wide LoggerFinder instance that is loaded as follows:
+     * <ul>
+     *    <li>First it finds any custom {@code LoggerFinder} provider
+     *        using the {@link java.util.ServiceLoader} facility with the
+     *        {@linkplain ClassLoader#getSystemClassLoader() system class
+     *        loader}.</li>
+     *    <li>If no {@code LoggerFinder} provider is found, the system default
+     *        {@code LoggerFinder} implementation will be used.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>
+     * An application can replace the logging backend
+     * <i>even when the java.logging module is present</i>, by simply providing
+     * and declaring an implementation of the {@link LoggerFinder} service.
+     * <p>
+     * <b>Default Implementation</b>
+     * <p>
+     * The system default {@code LoggerFinder} implementation uses
+     * {@code java.util.logging} as the backend framework when the
+     * {@code java.logging} module is present.
+     * It returns a {@linkplain System.Logger logger} instance
+     * that will route log messages to a {@link java.util.logging.Logger
+     * java.util.logging.Logger}. Otherwise, if {@code java.logging} is not
+     * present, the default implementation will return a simple logger
+     * instance that will route log messages of {@code INFO} level and above to
+     * the console ({@code System.err}).
+     * <p>
+     * <b>Logging Configuration</b>
+     * <p>
+     * {@linkplain Logger Logger} instances obtained from the
+     * {@code LoggerFinder} factory methods are not directly configurable by
+     * the application. Configuration is the responsibility of the underlying
+     * logging backend, and usually requires using APIs specific to that backend.
+     * <p>For the default {@code LoggerFinder} implementation
+     * using {@code java.util.logging} as its backend, refer to
+     * {@link java.util.logging java.util.logging} for logging configuration.
+     * For the default {@code LoggerFinder} implementation returning simple loggers
+     * when the {@code java.logging} module is absent, the configuration
+     * is implementation dependent.
+     * <p>
+     * Usually an application that uses a logging framework will log messages
+     * through a logger facade defined (or supported) by that framework.
+     * Applications that wish to use an external framework should log
+     * through the facade associated with that framework.
+     * <p>
+     * A system class that needs to log messages will typically obtain
+     * a {@link System.Logger} instance to route messages to the logging
+     * framework selected by the application.
+     * <p>
+     * Libraries and classes that only need loggers to produce log messages
+     * should not attempt to configure loggers by themselves, as that
+     * would make them dependent from a specific implementation of the
+     * {@code LoggerFinder} service.
+     * <p>
+     * In addition, when a security manager is present, loggers provided to
+     * system classes should not be directly configurable through the logging
+     * backend without requiring permissions.
+     * <br>
+     * It is the responsibility of the provider of
+     * the concrete {@code LoggerFinder} implementation to ensure that
+     * these loggers are not configured by untrusted code without proper
+     * permission checks, as configuration performed on such loggers usually
+     * affects all applications in the same Java Runtime.
+     * <p>
+     * <b>Message Levels and Mapping to backend levels</b>
+     * <p>
+     * A logger finder is responsible for mapping from a {@code
+     * System.Logger.Level} to a level supported by the logging backend it uses.
+     * <br>The default LoggerFinder using {@code java.util.logging} as the backend
+     * maps {@code System.Logger} levels to
+     * {@linkplain java.util.logging.Level java.util.logging} levels
+     * of corresponding severity - as described in {@link Logger.Level
+     * Logger.Level}.
+     *
+     * @see java.lang.System
+     * @see java.lang.System.Logger
+     *
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    public static abstract class LoggerFinder {
+        /**
+         * The {@code RuntimePermission("loggerFinder")} is
+         * necessary to subclass and instantiate the {@code LoggerFinder} class,
+         * as well as to obtain loggers from an instance of that class.
+         */
+        static final RuntimePermission LOGGERFINDER_PERMISSION =
+                new RuntimePermission("loggerFinder");
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance of {@code LoggerFinder}.
+         *
+         * @implNote It is recommended that a {@code LoggerFinder} service
+         *   implementation does not perform any heavy initialization in its
+         *   constructor, in order to avoid possible risks of deadlock or class
+         *   loading cycles during the instantiation of the service provider.
+         *
+         * @throws SecurityException if a security manager is present and its
+         *         {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow the
+         *         {@code RuntimePermission("loggerFinder")}.
+         */
+        protected LoggerFinder() {
+            this(checkPermission());
+        }
+
+        private LoggerFinder(Void unused) {
+            // nothing to do.
+        }
+
+        private static Void checkPermission() {
+            final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+            if (sm != null) {
+                sm.checkPermission(LOGGERFINDER_PERMISSION);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns an instance of {@link Logger Logger}
+         * for the given {@code module}.
+         *
+         * @param name the name of the logger.
+         * @param module the module for which the logger is being requested.
+         *
+         * @return a {@link Logger logger} suitable for use within the given
+         *         module.
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null} or
+         *        {@code module} is {@code null}.
+         * @throws SecurityException if a security manager is present and its
+         *         {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow the
+         *         {@code RuntimePermission("loggerFinder")}.
+         */
+        public abstract Logger getLogger(String name, Module module);
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a localizable instance of {@link Logger Logger}
+         * for the given {@code module}.
+         * The returned logger will use the provided resource bundle for
+         * message localization.
+         *
+         * @implSpec By default, this method calls {@link
+         * #getLogger(java.lang.String, java.lang.Module)
+         * this.getLogger(name, module)} to obtain a logger, then wraps that
+         * logger in a {@link Logger} instance where all methods that do not
+         * take a {@link ResourceBundle} as parameter are redirected to one
+         * which does - passing the given {@code bundle} for
+         * localization. So for instance, a call to {@link
+         * Logger#log(Logger.Level, String) Logger.log(Level.INFO, msg)}
+         * will end up as a call to {@link
+         * Logger#log(Logger.Level, ResourceBundle, String, Object...)
+         * Logger.log(Level.INFO, bundle, msg, (Object[])null)} on the wrapped
+         * logger instance.
+         * Note however that by default, string messages returned by {@link
+         * java.util.function.Supplier Supplier&lt;String&gt;} will not be
+         * localized, as it is assumed that such strings are messages which are
+         * already constructed, rather than keys in a resource bundle.
+         * <p>
+         * An implementation of {@code LoggerFinder} may override this method,
+         * for example, when the underlying logging backend provides its own
+         * mechanism for localizing log messages, then such a
+         * {@code LoggerFinder} would be free to return a logger
+         * that makes direct use of the mechanism provided by the backend.
+         *
+         * @param name    the name of the logger.
+         * @param bundle  a resource bundle; can be {@code null}.
+         * @param module  the module for which the logger is being requested.
+         * @return an instance of {@link Logger Logger}  which will use the
+         * provided resource bundle for message localization.
+         *
+         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null} or
+         *         {@code module} is {@code null}.
+         * @throws SecurityException if a security manager is present and its
+         *         {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow the
+         *         {@code RuntimePermission("loggerFinder")}.
+         */
+        public Logger getLocalizedLogger(String name, ResourceBundle bundle,
+                                         Module module) {
+            return new LocalizedLoggerWrapper<>(getLogger(name, module), bundle);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the {@code LoggerFinder} instance. There is one
+         * single system-wide {@code LoggerFinder} instance in
+         * the Java Runtime.  See the class specification of how the
+         * {@link LoggerFinder LoggerFinder} implementation is located and
+         * loaded.
+
+         * @return the {@link LoggerFinder LoggerFinder} instance.
+         * @throws SecurityException if a security manager is present and its
+         *         {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow the
+         *         {@code RuntimePermission("loggerFinder")}.
+         */
+        public static LoggerFinder getLoggerFinder() {
+            final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+            if (sm != null) {
+                sm.checkPermission(LOGGERFINDER_PERMISSION);
+            }
+            return accessProvider();
+        }
+
+
+        private static volatile LoggerFinder service;
+        static LoggerFinder accessProvider() {
+            // We do not need to synchronize: LoggerFinderLoader will
+            // always return the same instance, so if we don't have it,
+            // just fetch it again.
+            if (service == null) {
+                PrivilegedAction<LoggerFinder> pa =
+                        () -> LoggerFinderLoader.getLoggerFinder();
+                service = AccessController.doPrivileged(pa, null,
+                        LOGGERFINDER_PERMISSION);
+            }
+            return service;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance of {@link Logger Logger} for the caller's
+     * use.
+     *
+     * @implSpec
+     * Instances returned by this method route messages to loggers
+     * obtained by calling {@link LoggerFinder#getLogger(java.lang.String,
+     * java.lang.Module) LoggerFinder.getLogger(name, module)}, where
+     * {@code module} is the caller's module.
+     * In cases where {@code System.getLogger} is called from a context where
+     * there is no caller frame on the stack (e.g when called directly
+     * from a JNI attached thread), {@code IllegalCallerException} is thrown.
+     * To obtain a logger in such a context, use an auxiliary class that will
+     * implicitly be identified as the caller, or use the system {@link
+     * LoggerFinder#getLoggerFinder() LoggerFinder} to obtain a logger instead.
+     * Note that doing the latter may eagerly initialize the underlying
+     * logging system.
+     *
+     * @apiNote
+     * This method may defer calling the {@link
+     * LoggerFinder#getLogger(java.lang.String, java.lang.Module)
+     * LoggerFinder.getLogger} method to create an actual logger supplied by
+     * the logging backend, for instance, to allow loggers to be obtained during
+     * the system initialization time.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the logger.
+     * @return an instance of {@link Logger} that can be used by the calling
+     *         class.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}.
+     * @throws IllegalCallerException if there is no Java caller frame on the
+     *         stack.
+     *
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public static Logger getLogger(String name) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        final Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
+        if (caller == null) {
+            throw new IllegalCallerException("no caller frame");
+        }
+        return LazyLoggers.getLogger(name, caller.getModule());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a localizable instance of {@link Logger
+     * Logger} for the caller's use.
+     * The returned logger will use the provided resource bundle for message
+     * localization.
+     *
+     * @implSpec
+     * The returned logger will perform message localization as specified
+     * by {@link LoggerFinder#getLocalizedLogger(java.lang.String,
+     * java.util.ResourceBundle, java.lang.Module)
+     * LoggerFinder.getLocalizedLogger(name, bundle, module)}, where
+     * {@code module} is the caller's module.
+     * In cases where {@code System.getLogger} is called from a context where
+     * there is no caller frame on the stack (e.g when called directly
+     * from a JNI attached thread), {@code IllegalCallerException} is thrown.
+     * To obtain a logger in such a context, use an auxiliary class that
+     * will implicitly be identified as the caller, or use the system {@link
+     * LoggerFinder#getLoggerFinder() LoggerFinder} to obtain a logger instead.
+     * Note that doing the latter may eagerly initialize the underlying
+     * logging system.
+     *
+     * @apiNote
+     * This method is intended to be used after the system is fully initialized.
+     * This method may trigger the immediate loading and initialization
+     * of the {@link LoggerFinder} service, which may cause issues if the
+     * Java Runtime is not ready to initialize the concrete service
+     * implementation yet.
+     * System classes which may be loaded early in the boot sequence and
+     * need to log localized messages should create a logger using
+     * {@link #getLogger(java.lang.String)} and then use the log methods that
+     * take a resource bundle as parameter.
+     *
+     * @param name    the name of the logger.
+     * @param bundle  a resource bundle.
+     * @return an instance of {@link Logger} which will use the provided
+     * resource bundle for message localization.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null} or
+     *         {@code bundle} is {@code null}.
+     * @throws IllegalCallerException if there is no Java caller frame on the
+     *         stack.
+     *
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public static Logger getLogger(String name, ResourceBundle bundle) {
+        final ResourceBundle rb = Objects.requireNonNull(bundle);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        final Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
+        if (caller == null) {
+            throw new IllegalCallerException("no caller frame");
+        }
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        // We don't use LazyLoggers if a resource bundle is specified.
+        // Bootstrap sensitive classes in the JDK do not use resource bundles
+        // when logging. This could be revisited later, if it needs to.
+        if (sm != null) {
+            final PrivilegedAction<Logger> pa =
+                    () -> LoggerFinder.accessProvider()
+                            .getLocalizedLogger(name, rb, caller.getModule());
+            return AccessController.doPrivileged(pa, null,
+                                         LoggerFinder.LOGGERFINDER_PERMISSION);
+        }
+        return LoggerFinder.accessProvider()
+                .getLocalizedLogger(name, rb, caller.getModule());
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Terminates the currently running Java Virtual Machine. The
      * argument serves as a status code; by convention, a nonzero status
      * code indicates abnormal termination.
      * <p>
-     * This method calls the <code>exit</code> method in class
-     * <code>Runtime</code>. This method never returns normally.
+     * This method calls the {@code exit} method in class
+     * {@code Runtime}. This method never returns normally.
      * <p>
-     * The call <code>System.exit(n)</code> is effectively equivalent to
+     * The call {@code System.exit(n)} is effectively equivalent to
      * the call:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      * Runtime.getRuntime().exit(n)
      * </pre></blockquote>
      *
      * @param      status   exit status.
      * @throws  SecurityException
-     *        if a security manager exists and its <code>checkExit</code>
+     *        if a security manager exists and its {@code checkExit}
      *        method doesn't allow exit with the specified status.
      * @see        java.lang.Runtime#exit(int)
      */
     public static void exit(int status) {
         Runtime.getRuntime().exit(status);
     }
 
     /**
      * Runs the garbage collector.
-     * <p>
-     * Calling the <code>gc</code> method suggests that the Java Virtual
+     *
+     * Calling the {@code gc} method suggests that the Java Virtual
      * Machine expend effort toward recycling unused objects in order to
      * make the memory they currently occupy available for quick reuse.
      * When control returns from the method call, the Java Virtual
      * Machine has made a best effort to reclaim space from all discarded
      * objects.
      * <p>
-     * The call <code>System.gc()</code> is effectively equivalent to the
+     * The call {@code System.gc()} is effectively equivalent to the
      * call:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      * Runtime.getRuntime().gc()
      * </pre></blockquote>
      *
      * @see     java.lang.Runtime#gc()
      */
     public static void gc() {
         Runtime.getRuntime().gc();
     }
 
     /**
      * Runs the finalization methods of any objects pending finalization.
-     * <p>
+     *
      * Calling this method suggests that the Java Virtual Machine expend
-     * effort toward running the <code>finalize</code> methods of objects
-     * that have been found to be discarded but whose <code>finalize</code>
+     * effort toward running the {@code finalize} methods of objects
+     * that have been found to be discarded but whose {@code finalize}
      * methods have not yet been run. When control returns from the
      * method call, the Java Virtual Machine has made a best effort to
      * complete all outstanding finalizations.
      * <p>
-     * The call <code>System.runFinalization()</code> is effectively
+     * The call {@code System.runFinalization()} is effectively
      * equivalent to the call:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      * Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization()
      * </pre></blockquote>
      *
      * @see     java.lang.Runtime#runFinalization()
      */
     public static void runFinalization() {
         Runtime.getRuntime().runFinalization();
     }
 
     /**
-     * Enable or disable finalization on exit; doing so specifies that the
-     * finalizers of all objects that have finalizers that have not yet been
-     * automatically invoked are to be run before the Java runtime exits.
-     * By default, finalization on exit is disabled.
-     *
-     * <p>If there is a security manager,
-     * its <code>checkExit</code> method is first called
-     * with 0 as its argument to ensure the exit is allowed.
-     * This could result in a SecurityException.
-     *
-     * @deprecated  This method is inherently unsafe.  It may result in
-     *      finalizers being called on live objects while other threads are
-     *      concurrently manipulating those objects, resulting in erratic
-     *      behavior or deadlock.
-     * @param value indicating enabling or disabling of finalization
-     * @throws  SecurityException
-     *        if a security manager exists and its <code>checkExit</code>
-     *        method doesn't allow the exit.
-     *
-     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#exit(int)
-     * @see     java.lang.Runtime#gc()
-     * @see     java.lang.SecurityManager#checkExit(int)
-     * @since   JDK1.1
-     */
-    @Deprecated
-    public static void runFinalizersOnExit(boolean value) {
-        Runtime.runFinalizersOnExit(value);
-    }
-
-    /**
      * Loads the native library specified by the filename argument.  The filename
      * argument must be an absolute path name.
      *
      * If the filename argument, when stripped of any platform-specific library
      * prefix, path, and file extension, indicates a library whose name is,
      * for example, L, and a native library called L is statically linked
      * with the VM, then the JNI_OnLoad_L function exported by the library
      * is invoked rather than attempting to load a dynamic library.
      * A filename matching the argument does not have to exist in the
      * file system.
-     * See the JNI Specification for more details.
+     * See the <a href="{@docRoot}/../specs/jni/index.html"> JNI Specification</a>
+     * for more details.
      *
      * Otherwise, the filename argument is mapped to a native library image in
      * an implementation-dependent manner.
      *
      * <p>
-     * The call <code>System.load(name)</code> is effectively equivalent
+     * The call {@code System.load(name)} is effectively equivalent
      * to the call:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      * Runtime.getRuntime().load(name)
      * </pre></blockquote>
      *
      * @param      filename   the file to load.
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkLink</code> method doesn't allow
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkLink} method doesn't allow
      *             loading of the specified dynamic library
-     * @exception  UnsatisfiedLinkError  if either the filename is not an
+     * @throws     UnsatisfiedLinkError  if either the filename is not an
      *             absolute path name, the native library is not statically
      *             linked with the VM, or the library cannot be mapped to
      *             a native library image by the host system.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>filename</code> is
-     *             <code>null</code>
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code filename} is {@code null}
      * @see        java.lang.Runtime#load(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public static void load(String filename) {
         Runtime.getRuntime().load0(Reflection.getCallerClass(), filename);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Loads the native library specified by the <code>libname</code>
-     * argument.  The <code>libname</code> argument must not contain any platform
+     * Loads the native library specified by the {@code libname}
+     * argument.  The {@code libname} argument must not contain any platform
      * specific prefix, file extension or path. If a native library
-     * called <code>libname</code> is statically linked with the VM, then the
-     * JNI_OnLoad_<code>libname</code> function exported by the library is invoked.
-     * See the JNI Specification for more details.
+     * called {@code libname} is statically linked with the VM, then the
+     * JNI_OnLoad_{@code libname} function exported by the library is invoked.
+     * See the <a href="{@docRoot}/../specs/jni/index.html"> JNI Specification</a>
+     * for more details.
      *
      * Otherwise, the libname argument is loaded from a system library
      * location and mapped to a native library image in an implementation-
      * dependent manner.
      * <p>
-     * The call <code>System.loadLibrary(name)</code> is effectively
+     * The call {@code System.loadLibrary(name)} is effectively
      * equivalent to the call
      * <blockquote><pre>
      * Runtime.getRuntime().loadLibrary(name)
      * </pre></blockquote>
      *
      * @param      libname   the name of the library.
-     * @exception  SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
-     *             <code>checkLink</code> method doesn't allow
+     * @throws     SecurityException  if a security manager exists and its
+     *             {@code checkLink} method doesn't allow
      *             loading of the specified dynamic library
-     * @exception  UnsatisfiedLinkError if either the libname argument
+     * @throws     UnsatisfiedLinkError if either the libname argument
      *             contains a file path, the native library is not statically
      *             linked with the VM,  or the library cannot be mapped to a
      *             native library image by the host system.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>libname</code> is
-     *             <code>null</code>
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code libname} is {@code null}
      * @see        java.lang.Runtime#loadLibrary(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.SecurityManager#checkLink(java.lang.String)
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public static void loadLibrary(String libname) {
         Runtime.getRuntime().loadLibrary0(Reflection.getCallerClass(), libname);
     }
 
     /**
      * Maps a library name into a platform-specific string representing
      * a native library.
      *
      * @param      libname the name of the library.
      * @return     a platform-dependent native library name.
-     * @exception  NullPointerException if <code>libname</code> is
-     *             <code>null</code>
+     * @throws     NullPointerException if {@code libname} is {@code null}
      * @see        java.lang.System#loadLibrary(java.lang.String)
      * @see        java.lang.ClassLoader#findLibrary(java.lang.String)
      * @since      1.2
      */
     public static native String mapLibraryName(String libname);
 
     /**
      * Create PrintStream for stdout/err based on encoding.
      */
     private static PrintStream newPrintStream(FileOutputStream fos, String enc) {
        if (enc != null) {
             try {
                 return new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(fos, 128), true, enc);
             } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {}
         }
         return new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(fos, 128), true);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Logs an exception/error at initialization time to stdout or stderr.
+     *
+     * @param printToStderr to print to stderr rather than stdout
+     * @param printStackTrace to print the stack trace
+     * @param msg the message to print before the exception, can be {@code null}
+     * @param e the exception or error
+     */
+    private static void logInitException(boolean printToStderr,
+                                         boolean printStackTrace,
+                                         String msg,
+                                         Throwable e) {
+        if (VM.initLevel() < 1) {
+            throw new InternalError("system classes not initialized");
+        }
+        PrintStream log = (printToStderr) ? err : out;
+        if (msg != null) {
+            log.println(msg);
+        }
+        if (printStackTrace) {
+            e.printStackTrace(log);
+        } else {
+            log.println(e);
+            for (Throwable suppressed : e.getSuppressed()) {
+                log.println("Suppressed: " + suppressed);
+            }
+            Throwable cause = e.getCause();
+            if (cause != null) {
+                log.println("Caused by: " + cause);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the Properties object from a map - masking out system properties
+     * that are not intended for public access.
+     */
+    private static Properties createProperties(Map<String, String> initialProps) {
+        Properties properties = new Properties(initialProps.size());
+        for (var entry : initialProps.entrySet()) {
+            String prop = entry.getKey();
+            switch (prop) {
+                // Do not add private system properties to the Properties
+                case "sun.nio.MaxDirectMemorySize":
+                case "sun.nio.PageAlignDirectMemory":
+                    // used by java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache
+                case "java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache.high":
+                    // used by sun.launcher.LauncherHelper
+                case "sun.java.launcher.diag":
+                    // used by jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders
+                case "jdk.boot.class.path.append":
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    properties.put(prop, entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        return properties;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Initialize the system class.  Called after thread initialization.
      */
-    private static void initializeSystemClass() {
-
+    private static void initPhase1() {
         // VM might invoke JNU_NewStringPlatform() to set those encoding
         // sensitive properties (user.home, user.name, boot.class.path, etc.)
-        // during "props" initialization, in which it may need access, via
-        // System.getProperty(), to the related system encoding property that
-        // have been initialized (put into "props") at early stage of the
-        // initialization. So make sure the "props" is available at the
-        // very beginning of the initialization and all system properties to
-        // be put into it directly.
-        props = new Properties();
-        initProperties(props);  // initialized by the VM
+        // during "props" initialization.
+        // The charset is initialized in System.c and does not depend on the Properties.
+        Map<String, String> tempProps = SystemProps.initProperties();
+        VersionProps.init(tempProps);
 
         // There are certain system configurations that may be controlled by
         // VM options such as the maximum amount of direct memory and
         // Integer cache size used to support the object identity semantics
         // of autoboxing.  Typically, the library will obtain these values
         // from the properties set by the VM.  If the properties are for
         // internal implementation use only, these properties should be
-        // removed from the system properties.
-        //
-        // See java.lang.Integer.IntegerCache and the
-        // sun.misc.VM.saveAndRemoveProperties method for example.
+        // masked from the system properties.
         //
         // Save a private copy of the system properties object that
-        // can only be accessed by the internal implementation.  Remove
-        // certain system properties that are not intended for public access.
-        sun.misc.VM.saveAndRemoveProperties(props);
+        // can only be accessed by the internal implementation.
+        VM.saveProperties(tempProps);
+        props = createProperties(tempProps);
 
+        StaticProperty.javaHome();          // Load StaticProperty to cache the property values
 
         lineSeparator = props.getProperty("line.separator");
-        StaticProperty.jdkSerialFilter();   // Load StaticProperty to cache the property values
-        sun.misc.Version.init();
 
         FileInputStream fdIn = new FileInputStream(FileDescriptor.in);
         FileOutputStream fdOut = new FileOutputStream(FileDescriptor.out);
         FileOutputStream fdErr = new FileOutputStream(FileDescriptor.err);
         setIn0(new BufferedInputStream(fdIn));
         setOut0(newPrintStream(fdOut, props.getProperty("sun.stdout.encoding")));
         setErr0(newPrintStream(fdErr, props.getProperty("sun.stderr.encoding")));
 
-        // Load the zip library now in order to keep java.util.zip.ZipFile
-        // from trying to use itself to load this library later.
-        loadLibrary("zip");
-
         // Setup Java signal handlers for HUP, TERM, and INT (where available).
         Terminator.setup();
 
-        // Initialize any miscellenous operating system settings that need to be
+        // Initialize any miscellaneous operating system settings that need to be
         // set for the class libraries. Currently this is no-op everywhere except
         // for Windows where the process-wide error mode is set before the java.io
         // classes are used.
-        sun.misc.VM.initializeOSEnvironment();
+        VM.initializeOSEnvironment();
 
         // The main thread is not added to its thread group in the same
         // way as other threads; we must do it ourselves here.
         Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
         current.getThreadGroup().add(current);
 
         // register shared secrets
         setJavaLangAccess();
 
         // Subsystems that are invoked during initialization can invoke
-        // sun.misc.VM.isBooted() in order to avoid doing things that should
-        // wait until the application class loader has been set up.
+        // VM.isBooted() in order to avoid doing things that should
+        // wait until the VM is fully initialized. The initialization level
+        // is incremented from 0 to 1 here to indicate the first phase of
+        // initialization has completed.
         // IMPORTANT: Ensure that this remains the last initialization action!
-        sun.misc.VM.booted();
+        VM.initLevel(1);
+    }
+
+    // @see #initPhase2()
+    static ModuleLayer bootLayer;
+
+    /*
+     * Invoked by VM.  Phase 2 module system initialization.
+     * Only classes in java.base can be loaded in this phase.
+     *
+     * @param printToStderr print exceptions to stderr rather than stdout
+     * @param printStackTrace print stack trace when exception occurs
+     *
+     * @return JNI_OK for success, JNI_ERR for failure
+     */
+    private static int initPhase2(boolean printToStderr, boolean printStackTrace) {
+        try {
+            bootLayer = ModuleBootstrap.boot();
+        } catch (Exception | Error e) {
+            logInitException(printToStderr, printStackTrace,
+                             "Error occurred during initialization of boot layer", e);
+            return -1; // JNI_ERR
+        }
+
+        // module system initialized
+        VM.initLevel(2);
+
+        return 0; // JNI_OK
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Invoked by VM.  Phase 3 is the final system initialization:
+     * 1. set security manager
+     * 2. set system class loader
+     * 3. set TCCL
+     *
+     * This method must be called after the module system initialization.
+     * The security manager and system class loader may be a custom class from
+     * the application classpath or modulepath.
+     */
+    private static void initPhase3() {
+        String smProp = System.getProperty("java.security.manager");
+        if (smProp != null) {
+            switch (smProp) {
+                case "disallow":
+                    allowSecurityManager = NEVER;
+                    break;
+                case "allow":
+                    allowSecurityManager = MAYBE;
+                    break;
+                case "":
+                case "default":
+                    setSecurityManager(new SecurityManager());
+                    allowSecurityManager = MAYBE;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    try {
+                        ClassLoader cl = ClassLoader.getBuiltinAppClassLoader();
+                        Class<?> c = Class.forName(smProp, false, cl);
+                        Constructor<?> ctor = c.getConstructor();
+                        // Must be a public subclass of SecurityManager with
+                        // a public no-arg constructor
+                        if (!SecurityManager.class.isAssignableFrom(c) ||
+                            !Modifier.isPublic(c.getModifiers()) ||
+                            !Modifier.isPublic(ctor.getModifiers())) {
+                            throw new Error("Could not create SecurityManager: "
+                                             + ctor.toString());
+                        }
+                        // custom security manager may be in non-exported package
+                        ctor.setAccessible(true);
+                        SecurityManager sm = (SecurityManager) ctor.newInstance();
+                        setSecurityManager(sm);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        throw new InternalError("Could not create SecurityManager", e);
+                    }
+                    allowSecurityManager = MAYBE;
+            }
+        } else {
+            allowSecurityManager = MAYBE;
+        }
+
+        // initializing the system class loader
+        VM.initLevel(3);
+
+        // system class loader initialized
+        ClassLoader scl = ClassLoader.initSystemClassLoader();
+
+        // set TCCL
+        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(scl);
+
+        // system is fully initialized
+        VM.initLevel(4);
     }
 
     private static void setJavaLangAccess() {
         // Allow privileged classes outside of java.lang
-        sun.misc.SharedSecrets.setJavaLangAccess(new sun.misc.JavaLangAccess(){
-            public sun.reflect.ConstantPool getConstantPool(Class<?> klass) {
+        SharedSecrets.setJavaLangAccess(new JavaLangAccess() {
+            public List<Method> getDeclaredPublicMethods(Class<?> klass, String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
+                return klass.getDeclaredPublicMethods(name, parameterTypes);
+            }
+            public jdk.internal.reflect.ConstantPool getConstantPool(Class<?> klass) {
                 return klass.getConstantPool();
             }
             public boolean casAnnotationType(Class<?> klass, AnnotationType oldType, AnnotationType newType) {
                 return klass.casAnnotationType(oldType, newType);
             }
             public AnnotationType getAnnotationType(Class<?> klass) {
                 return klass.getAnnotationType();
             }
             public Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> getDeclaredAnnotationMap(Class<?> klass) {
                 return klass.getDeclaredAnnotationMap();
             }
             public byte[] getRawClassAnnotations(Class<?> klass) {
                 return klass.getRawAnnotations();
             }
             public byte[] getRawClassTypeAnnotations(Class<?> klass) {
                 return klass.getRawTypeAnnotations();
             }
             public byte[] getRawExecutableTypeAnnotations(Executable executable) {
                 return Class.getExecutableTypeAnnotationBytes(executable);
             }
             public <E extends Enum<E>>
-                    E[] getEnumConstantsShared(Class<E> klass) {
+            E[] getEnumConstantsShared(Class<E> klass) {
                 return klass.getEnumConstantsShared();
             }
-            public void blockedOn(Thread t, Interruptible b) {
-                t.blockedOn(b);
+            public void blockedOn(Interruptible b) {
+                Thread.blockedOn(b);
             }
             public void registerShutdownHook(int slot, boolean registerShutdownInProgress, Runnable hook) {
                 Shutdown.add(slot, registerShutdownInProgress, hook);
             }
-            public int getStackTraceDepth(Throwable t) {
-                return t.getStackTraceDepth();
-            }
-            public StackTraceElement getStackTraceElement(Throwable t, int i) {
-                return t.getStackTraceElement(i);
-            }
-            public String newStringUnsafe(char[] chars) {
-                return new String(chars, true);
-            }
             public Thread newThreadWithAcc(Runnable target, AccessControlContext acc) {
                 return new Thread(target, acc);
             }
+            @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
             public void invokeFinalize(Object o) throws Throwable {
                 o.finalize();
             }
+            public ConcurrentHashMap<?, ?> createOrGetClassLoaderValueMap(ClassLoader cl) {
+                return cl.createOrGetClassLoaderValueMap();
+            }
+            public Class<?> defineClass(ClassLoader loader, String name, byte[] b, ProtectionDomain pd, String source) {
+                return ClassLoader.defineClass1(loader, name, b, 0, b.length, pd, source);
+            }
+            public Class<?> findBootstrapClassOrNull(ClassLoader cl, String name) {
+                return cl.findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
+            }
+            public Package definePackage(ClassLoader cl, String name, Module module) {
+                return cl.definePackage(name, module);
+            }
+            public String fastUUID(long lsb, long msb) {
+                return Long.fastUUID(lsb, msb);
+            }
+            public void addNonExportedPackages(ModuleLayer layer) {
+                SecurityManager.addNonExportedPackages(layer);
+            }
+            public void invalidatePackageAccessCache() {
+                SecurityManager.invalidatePackageAccessCache();
+            }
+            public Module defineModule(ClassLoader loader,
+                                       ModuleDescriptor descriptor,
+                                       URI uri) {
+                return new Module(null, loader, descriptor, uri);
+            }
+            public Module defineUnnamedModule(ClassLoader loader) {
+                return new Module(loader);
+            }
+            public void addReads(Module m1, Module m2) {
+                m1.implAddReads(m2);
+            }
+            public void addReadsAllUnnamed(Module m) {
+                m.implAddReadsAllUnnamed();
+            }
+            public void addExports(Module m, String pn, Module other) {
+                m.implAddExports(pn, other);
+            }
+            public void addExportsToAllUnnamed(Module m, String pn) {
+                m.implAddExportsToAllUnnamed(pn);
+            }
+            public void addOpens(Module m, String pn, Module other) {
+                m.implAddOpens(pn, other);
+            }
+            public void addOpensToAllUnnamed(Module m, String pn) {
+                m.implAddOpensToAllUnnamed(pn);
+            }
+            public void addOpensToAllUnnamed(Module m, Iterator<String> packages) {
+                m.implAddOpensToAllUnnamed(packages);
+            }
+            public void addUses(Module m, Class<?> service) {
+                m.implAddUses(service);
+            }
+            public boolean isReflectivelyExported(Module m, String pn, Module other) {
+                return m.isReflectivelyExported(pn, other);
+            }
+            public boolean isReflectivelyOpened(Module m, String pn, Module other) {
+                return m.isReflectivelyOpened(pn, other);
+            }
+            public ServicesCatalog getServicesCatalog(ModuleLayer layer) {
+                return layer.getServicesCatalog();
+            }
+            public Stream<ModuleLayer> layers(ModuleLayer layer) {
+                return layer.layers();
+            }
+            public Stream<ModuleLayer> layers(ClassLoader loader) {
+                return ModuleLayer.layers(loader);
+            }
+
+            public String newStringNoRepl(byte[] bytes, Charset cs) throws CharacterCodingException  {
+                return StringCoding.newStringNoRepl(bytes, cs);
+            }
+
+            public byte[] getBytesNoRepl(String s, Charset cs) throws CharacterCodingException {
+                return StringCoding.getBytesNoRepl(s, cs);
+            }
+
+            public String newStringUTF8NoRepl(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
+                return StringCoding.newStringUTF8NoRepl(bytes, off, len);
+            }
+
+            public byte[] getBytesUTF8NoRepl(String s) {
+                return StringCoding.getBytesUTF8NoRepl(s);
+            }
+
+            public void setCause(Throwable t, Throwable cause) {
+                t.setCause(cause);
+            }
         });
     }
 }