/*
  * Copyright (c) 1996, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  *
  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  * accompanied this code).
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  *
  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  * questions.
  */
 
 package java.lang;
 
+import jdk.internal.HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate;
+import jdk.internal.misc.VM;
+
 /**
  *
  * The {@code Byte} class wraps a value of primitive type {@code byte}
  * in an object.  An object of type {@code Byte} contains a single
  * field whose type is {@code byte}.
  *
  * <p>In addition, this class provides several methods for converting
  * a {@code byte} to a {@code String} and a {@code String} to a {@code
  * byte}, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing
  * with a {@code byte}.
  *
  * @author  Nakul Saraiya
  * @author  Joseph D. Darcy
  * @see     java.lang.Number
- * @since   JDK1.1
+ * @since   1.1
  */
 public final class Byte extends Number implements Comparable<Byte> {
 
     /**
      * A constant holding the minimum value a {@code byte} can
      * have, -2<sup>7</sup>.
      */
     public static final byte   MIN_VALUE = -128;
 
     /**
      * A constant holding the maximum value a {@code byte} can
      * have, 2<sup>7</sup>-1.
      */
     public static final byte   MAX_VALUE = 127;
 
     /**
      * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type
      * {@code byte}.
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public static final Class<Byte>     TYPE = (Class<Byte>) Class.getPrimitiveClass("byte");
 
     /**
      * Returns a new {@code String} object representing the
      * specified {@code byte}. The radix is assumed to be 10.
      *
      * @param b the {@code byte} to be converted
      * @return the string representation of the specified {@code byte}
      * @see java.lang.Integer#toString(int)
      */
     public static String toString(byte b) {
         return Integer.toString((int)b, 10);
     }
 
     private static class ByteCache {
-        private ByteCache(){}
+        private ByteCache() {}
 
-        static final Byte cache[] = new Byte[-(-128) + 127 + 1];
+        static final Byte[] cache;
+        static Byte[] archivedCache;
 
         static {
-            for(int i = 0; i < cache.length; i++)
-                cache[i] = new Byte((byte)(i - 128));
+            final int size = -(-128) + 127 + 1;
+
+            // Load and use the archived cache if it exists
+            VM.initializeFromArchive(ByteCache.class);
+            if (archivedCache == null || archivedCache.length != size) {
+                Byte[] c = new Byte[size];
+                byte value = (byte)-128;
+                for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    c[i] = new Byte(value++);
+                }
+                archivedCache = c;
+            }
+            cache = archivedCache;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a {@code Byte} instance representing the specified
      * {@code byte} value.
      * If a new {@code Byte} instance is not required, this method
      * should generally be used in preference to the constructor
      * {@link #Byte(byte)}, as this method is likely to yield
      * significantly better space and time performance since
      * all byte values are cached.
      *
      * @param  b a byte value.
      * @return a {@code Byte} instance representing {@code b}.
      * @since  1.5
      */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public static Byte valueOf(byte b) {
         final int offset = 128;
         return ByteCache.cache[(int)b + offset];
     }
 
     /**
      * Parses the string argument as a signed {@code byte} in the
      * radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the
      * string must all be digits, of the specified radix (as
      * determined by whether {@link java.lang.Character#digit(char,
      * int)} returns a nonnegative value) except that the first
      * character may be an ASCII minus sign {@code '-'}
      * ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) to indicate a negative value or an
      * ASCII plus sign {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) to
      * indicate a positive value.  The resulting {@code byte} value is
      * returned.
      *
      * <p>An exception of type {@code NumberFormatException} is
      * thrown if any of the following situations occurs:
      * <ul>
      * <li> The first argument is {@code null} or is a string of
      * length zero.
      *
      * <li> The radix is either smaller than {@link
      * java.lang.Character#MIN_RADIX} or larger than {@link
      * java.lang.Character#MAX_RADIX}.
      *
      * <li> Any character of the string is not a digit of the
      * specified radix, except that the first character may be a minus
      * sign {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) or plus sign
      * {@code '+'} ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) provided that the
      * string is longer than length 1.
      *
      * <li> The value represented by the string is not a value of type
      * {@code byte}.
      * </ul>
      *
      * @param s         the {@code String} containing the
      *                  {@code byte}
      *                  representation to be parsed
      * @param radix     the radix to be used while parsing {@code s}
      * @return          the {@code byte} value represented by the string
      *                   argument in the specified radix
      * @throws          NumberFormatException If the string does
      *                  not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
      */
     public static byte parseByte(String s, int radix)
         throws NumberFormatException {
         int i = Integer.parseInt(s, radix);
         if (i < MIN_VALUE || i > MAX_VALUE)
             throw new NumberFormatException(
                 "Value out of range. Value:\"" + s + "\" Radix:" + radix);
         return (byte)i;
     }
 
     /**
      * Parses the string argument as a signed decimal {@code
      * byte}. The characters in the string must all be decimal digits,
      * except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign
      * {@code '-'} ({@code '\u005Cu002D'}) to indicate a negative
      * value or an ASCII plus sign {@code '+'}
      * ({@code '\u005Cu002B'}) to indicate a positive value. The
      * resulting {@code byte} value is returned, exactly as if the
      * argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the {@link
      * #parseByte(java.lang.String, int)} method.
      *
      * @param s         a {@code String} containing the
      *                  {@code byte} representation to be parsed
      * @return          the {@code byte} value represented by the
      *                  argument in decimal
      * @throws          NumberFormatException if the string does not
      *                  contain a parsable {@code byte}.
      */
     public static byte parseByte(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
         return parseByte(s, 10);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a {@code Byte} object holding the value
      * extracted from the specified {@code String} when parsed
      * with the radix given by the second argument. The first argument
      * is interpreted as representing a signed {@code byte} in
      * the radix specified by the second argument, exactly as if the
      * argument were given to the {@link #parseByte(java.lang.String,
      * int)} method. The result is a {@code Byte} object that
      * represents the {@code byte} value specified by the string.
      *
      * <p> In other words, this method returns a {@code Byte} object
      * equal to the value of:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      * {@code new Byte(Byte.parseByte(s, radix))}
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * @param s         the string to be parsed
      * @param radix     the radix to be used in interpreting {@code s}
      * @return          a {@code Byte} object holding the value
      *                  represented by the string argument in the
      *                  specified radix.
      * @throws          NumberFormatException If the {@code String} does
      *                  not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
      */
     public static Byte valueOf(String s, int radix)
         throws NumberFormatException {
         return valueOf(parseByte(s, radix));
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a {@code Byte} object holding the value
      * given by the specified {@code String}. The argument is
      * interpreted as representing a signed decimal {@code byte},
      * exactly as if the argument were given to the {@link
      * #parseByte(java.lang.String)} method. The result is a
      * {@code Byte} object that represents the {@code byte}
      * value specified by the string.
      *
      * <p> In other words, this method returns a {@code Byte} object
      * equal to the value of:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      * {@code new Byte(Byte.parseByte(s))}
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * @param s         the string to be parsed
      * @return          a {@code Byte} object holding the value
      *                  represented by the string argument
      * @throws          NumberFormatException If the {@code String} does
      *                  not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
      */
     public static Byte valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
         return valueOf(s, 10);
     }
 
     /**
      * Decodes a {@code String} into a {@code Byte}.
      * Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by
      * the following grammar:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      * <dl>
      * <dt><i>DecodableString:</i>
      * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub> DecimalNumeral</i>
      * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0x} <i>HexDigits</i>
      * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0X} <i>HexDigits</i>
      * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code #} <i>HexDigits</i>
      * <dd><i>Sign<sub>opt</sub></i> {@code 0} <i>OctalDigits</i>
      *
      * <dt><i>Sign:</i>
      * <dd>{@code -}
      * <dd>{@code +}
      * </dl>
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * <i>DecimalNumeral</i>, <i>HexDigits</i>, and <i>OctalDigits</i>
      * are as defined in section 3.10.1 of
      * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>,
      * except that underscores are not accepted between digits.
      *
      * <p>The sequence of characters following an optional
      * sign and/or radix specifier ("{@code 0x}", "{@code 0X}",
      * "{@code #}", or leading zero) is parsed as by the {@code
      * Byte.parseByte} method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 8).
      * This sequence of characters must represent a positive value or
      * a {@link NumberFormatException} will be thrown.  The result is
      * negated if first character of the specified {@code String} is
      * the minus sign.  No whitespace characters are permitted in the
      * {@code String}.
      *
      * @param     nm the {@code String} to decode.
      * @return   a {@code Byte} object holding the {@code byte}
      *          value represented by {@code nm}
      * @throws  NumberFormatException  if the {@code String} does not
      *            contain a parsable {@code byte}.
      * @see java.lang.Byte#parseByte(java.lang.String, int)
      */
     public static Byte decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException {
         int i = Integer.decode(nm);
         if (i < MIN_VALUE || i > MAX_VALUE)
             throw new NumberFormatException(
                     "Value " + i + " out of range from input " + nm);
         return valueOf((byte)i);
     }
 
     /**
      * The value of the {@code Byte}.
      *
      * @serial
      */
     private final byte value;
 
     /**
      * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Byte} object that
      * represents the specified {@code byte} value.
      *
      * @param value     the value to be represented by the
      *                  {@code Byte}.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     * It is rarely appropriate to use this constructor. The static factory
+     * {@link #valueOf(byte)} is generally a better choice, as it is
+     * likely to yield significantly better space and time performance.
      */
+    @Deprecated(since="9")
     public Byte(byte value) {
         this.value = value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Constructs a newly allocated {@code Byte} object that
      * represents the {@code byte} value indicated by the
      * {@code String} parameter. The string is converted to a
      * {@code byte} value in exactly the manner used by the
      * {@code parseByte} method for radix 10.
      *
      * @param s         the {@code String} to be converted to a
      *                  {@code Byte}
-     * @throws           NumberFormatException If the {@code String}
+     * @throws          NumberFormatException if the {@code String}
      *                  does not contain a parsable {@code byte}.
-     * @see        java.lang.Byte#parseByte(java.lang.String, int)
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     * It is rarely appropriate to use this constructor.
+     * Use {@link #parseByte(String)} to convert a string to a
+     * {@code byte} primitive, or use {@link #valueOf(String)}
+     * to convert a string to a {@code Byte} object.
      */
+    @Deprecated(since="9")
     public Byte(String s) throws NumberFormatException {
         this.value = parseByte(s, 10);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a
      * {@code byte}.
      */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public byte byteValue() {
         return value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a {@code short} after
      * a widening primitive conversion.
      * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
      */
     public short shortValue() {
         return (short)value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as an {@code int} after
      * a widening primitive conversion.
      * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
      */
     public int intValue() {
         return (int)value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a {@code long} after
      * a widening primitive conversion.
      * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
      */
     public long longValue() {
         return (long)value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a {@code float} after
      * a widening primitive conversion.
      * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
      */
     public float floatValue() {
         return (float)value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the value of this {@code Byte} as a {@code double}
      * after a widening primitive conversion.
      * @jls 5.1.2 Widening Primitive Conversions
      */
     public double doubleValue() {
         return (double)value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a {@code String} object representing this
      * {@code Byte}'s value.  The value is converted to signed
      * decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if
      * the {@code byte} value were given as an argument to the
      * {@link java.lang.Byte#toString(byte)} method.
      *
      * @return  a string representation of the value of this object in
      *          base&nbsp;10.
      */
     public String toString() {
         return Integer.toString((int)value);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a hash code for this {@code Byte}; equal to the result
      * of invoking {@code intValue()}.
      *
      * @return a hash code value for this {@code Byte}
      */
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
         return Byte.hashCode(value);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a hash code for a {@code byte} value; compatible with
      * {@code Byte.hashCode()}.
      *
      * @param value the value to hash
      * @return a hash code value for a {@code byte} value.
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public static int hashCode(byte value) {
         return (int)value;
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares this object to the specified object.  The result is
      * {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
      * {@code null} and is a {@code Byte} object that
      * contains the same {@code byte} value as this object.
      *
      * @param obj       the object to compare with
      * @return          {@code true} if the objects are the same;
      *                  {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     public boolean equals(Object obj) {
         if (obj instanceof Byte) {
             return value == ((Byte)obj).byteValue();
         }
         return false;
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares two {@code Byte} objects numerically.
      *
      * @param   anotherByte   the {@code Byte} to be compared.
      * @return  the value {@code 0} if this {@code Byte} is
      *          equal to the argument {@code Byte}; a value less than
      *          {@code 0} if this {@code Byte} is numerically less
      *          than the argument {@code Byte}; and a value greater than
      *           {@code 0} if this {@code Byte} is numerically
      *           greater than the argument {@code Byte} (signed
      *           comparison).
      * @since   1.2
      */
     public int compareTo(Byte anotherByte) {
         return compare(this.value, anotherByte.value);
     }
 
     /**
      * Compares two {@code byte} values numerically.
      * The value returned is identical to what would be returned by:
      * <pre>
      *    Byte.valueOf(x).compareTo(Byte.valueOf(y))
      * </pre>
      *
      * @param  x the first {@code byte} to compare
      * @param  y the second {@code byte} to compare
      * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y};
      *         a value less than {@code 0} if {@code x < y}; and
      *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y}
      * @since 1.7
      */
     public static int compare(byte x, byte y) {
         return x - y;
     }
 
     /**
+     * Compares two {@code byte} values numerically treating the values
+     * as unsigned.
+     *
+     * @param  x the first {@code byte} to compare
+     * @param  y the second {@code byte} to compare
+     * @return the value {@code 0} if {@code x == y}; a value less
+     *         than {@code 0} if {@code x < y} as unsigned values; and
+     *         a value greater than {@code 0} if {@code x > y} as
+     *         unsigned values
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    public static int compareUnsigned(byte x, byte y) {
+        return Byte.toUnsignedInt(x) - Byte.toUnsignedInt(y);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Converts the argument to an {@code int} by an unsigned
      * conversion.  In an unsigned conversion to an {@code int}, the
      * high-order 24 bits of the {@code int} are zero and the
      * low-order 8 bits are equal to the bits of the {@code byte} argument.
      *
      * Consequently, zero and positive {@code byte} values are mapped
      * to a numerically equal {@code int} value and negative {@code
      * byte} values are mapped to an {@code int} value equal to the
      * input plus 2<sup>8</sup>.
      *
      * @param  x the value to convert to an unsigned {@code int}
      * @return the argument converted to {@code int} by an unsigned
      *         conversion
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public static int toUnsignedInt(byte x) {
         return ((int) x) & 0xff;
     }
 
     /**
      * Converts the argument to a {@code long} by an unsigned
      * conversion.  In an unsigned conversion to a {@code long}, the
      * high-order 56 bits of the {@code long} are zero and the
      * low-order 8 bits are equal to the bits of the {@code byte} argument.
      *
      * Consequently, zero and positive {@code byte} values are mapped
      * to a numerically equal {@code long} value and negative {@code
      * byte} values are mapped to a {@code long} value equal to the
      * input plus 2<sup>8</sup>.
      *
      * @param  x the value to convert to an unsigned {@code long}
      * @return the argument converted to {@code long} by an unsigned
      *         conversion
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public static long toUnsignedLong(byte x) {
         return ((long) x) & 0xffL;
     }
 
 
     /**
      * The number of bits used to represent a {@code byte} value in two's
      * complement binary form.
      *
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public static final int SIZE = 8;
 
     /**
      * The number of bytes used to represent a {@code byte} value in two's
      * complement binary form.
      *
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public static final int BYTES = SIZE / Byte.SIZE;
 
     /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1. for interoperability */
     private static final long serialVersionUID = -7183698231559129828L;
 }